Military eligibility was no longer exclusive to landowners, and the capite censi had new opportunities for spoils and social and political advancement. In this way these reforms created an army which could be used against other Roman commanders or the city itself. The Marian military reforms changed the army from a semi-professional citizen militia into a more professionalized army made up of extensively trained recruits who served for longer consecutive terms and were personally bound to their commanders. III), and a listing of the consular Caecilii Metelli in the second and early first centuries B.C.E. II), the significance of the legionary eagle standard as shown during the early principate (App. I), Marian consequences in the Late Republic (App. There are four appendices on the ancient literary sources (App. V then contextualizes the life of Gaius Marius and his sense of military strategy, while Chap VI assesses Marius’s military reforms in his lifetime and their immediate aftermath in the time of Sulla. IV discusses Roman military expansion from the Second Punic War down to 100 B.C.E., focusing on Roman military and foreign policy blunders, missteps, and mistakes in Celtiberian Spain, along with Rome’s servile wars and the problem of the Cimbri and Teutones. Gracchus, and the Italian allies’ growing demand for citizenship. Chapter III examines Roman society, politics, and economics during the second century B.C.E., with emphasis on the concentration of power and wealth, the legislative programs of Ti. II analyzes the Roman manipular army, its formation, policies, and armament. In this thesis, after a brief introduction (Chap. Romer Major Department: History The goal of this thesis is, as the title affirms, to understand the military reforms of Gaius Marius in their broader societal context.
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